At a time of rising government debt in conjunction with the adverse effects of COVID-19, a study carried out by the India Gold Policy Centre (IGPC) at the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA) has revealed a glimmer of hope for countries that have been diversifying their foreign exchange reserves by increasing their holdings in gold.
The study finds that high levels of Central Bank gold reserves have a strong impact in reducing the sovereign credit risk of that country in international markets. In the current scenario, the findings, therefore, seem to have positive implications for India.
A first of its kind, this study of global markets was conducted by the team of Sawan Rathi, a doctoral student in Economics, Professor Sanket Mohapatra, IIMA faculty in Economics, and Professor Arvind Sahay, Chairperson of India Gold Policy Centre (IGPC) and a faculty in marketing and economics at IIMA.
The researchers considered five-year sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spreads for 48 advanced and emerging market countries over a 20-year period, from 2000 to 2020 for measuring the economy’s default risk. The data was mapped against information on Central Banks’ gold stocks obtained from the World Gold Council database.
Key Findings
i. Hedging Risks for Central Banks:
The study reveals that higher central bank gold reserves reduce future uncertainty and reinstate confidence in investors as well as policymakers. The research reveals a negative and significant association of sovereign CDS spreads with the central bank gold holdings of an economy. The researchers noted that the likelihood of a credit ratings downgrades decreases with larger gold holdings of central banks by reducing future uncertainty and reassuring confidence in investors and policymakers.
ii. A stronger impact of Central Bank gold during the turmoil in global financial markets and country-specific crises
The study investigates the variation in the negative relationship between central bank gold reserves and sovereign CDS spreads, specifically, during periods of high volatility in global financial markets and country-specific crisis. This variation is found to be even stronger during periods of high global volatility, as well as country-specific debt and inflation crises. In periods of high global volatility, a 10% increase in overall Central Bank gold is associated with a 4.0% decrease in sovereign CDS spreads, compared to a 3.1% decline in other periods. During a sovereign debt crisis, a 10% increase in overall Central Bank gold is associated with a 13.3% decrease in sovereign CDS spreads, compared to a 3.0% decline in other periods. During an inflation crisis, a 10% increase in overall Central Bank gold is associated with a 16.0% decrease in sovereign CDS spreads, compared to a 3.2% decline in other periods.
iii. Growth-oriented macroeconomic policies can also reduce country risk
A higher GDP growth, greater fiscal strength, and larger foreign exchange reserves can result in reduced sovereign credit risk as expected, while higher debt is associated with a greater risk of debt default of a country. A better institutional environment, proxied by the Rule of Law index compiled by the World Bank, is associated with lower sovereign risk.
Sharing his views on the policy relevance of the findings, Professor Arvind Sahay, Chairperson, India Gold Policy Centre, IIMA, said, “Due to necessary countercyclical fiscal stimulus and a build-up of government debt during the COVID-19 crisis, sovereign credit ratings of both advanced and emerging market economies have come under pressure. In 2020, Moody’s downgraded India’s sovereign rating to Baa3, highlighting its weak fiscal position as the primary cause of credit restriction.
The findings of this cross-country study suggest that higher central bank gold reserves can help in stemming a further deterioration and provide support to the credit ratings of countries such as India.”
There has been a general increase in the RBI’s stock of gold reserves since 2018. Stating this, Professor Sanket Mohapatra, says, “Central bank gold reserves have been known to aid in diversification of overall international reserves and may boost returns during extremely low or negative international interest rates. Our study shows that they can also have a positive impact on sovereign creditworthiness, particularly during times of financial market volatility and crisis episodes.”
Professor Mohapatra maintains that more active involvement of gold can diversify India’s overall international reserves portfolio and is optimistic about gold playing the role of a stabilising agent in India’s external position.
About IGPC
India Gold Policy Centre at IIMA is a centre of excellence, conducting research on global gold markets. The centre works closely with the government of India as an advisor on various policy initiatives and undertakes multi-disciplinary, thematic, applied research in several key areas relating to the use of gold as a fungible financial asset.
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